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In the design of pipe jacking, what particular areas on pipe joints should engineers take care of?

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Civil Engineering

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In pipe jacking / micro tunneling, it is commonly accepted that cover depths of jacking pipes cannot be too shallow (i.e. less than 2D where D is the diameter of jacking pipes). Why?

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Civil Engineering

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What is the difference between air chamber and surge tank?

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Civil Engineering

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After the construction of water main, prior to hydrostatic pressure test, swabbing is carried out. What is the purpose of swabbing?

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Civil Engineering

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In the design of water mains, how to decide the usage of double air valves and single air valves?

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Civil Engineering

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In the design of service reservoirs, horizontal reinforcement in walls of reservoirs is placed at the outer layer. Why?

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Civil Engineering

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Why are two gate valves required in normal practice to form a washout valve?

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Civil Engineering

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Why do BS8007 specify the allowable crack width of water retaining structure as 0.2mm for severe or very severe exposure?

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Civil Engineering

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