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Displacement Current D.F. Bartlett and T.R Cole measured the induced magnetic field inside a charging capacitor in 1984 using a very sensitive magnetometer. They used a capacitor with two circular plates that were 1.22 cm apart. Instead of using direct current to charge the capacitor, they charged the capacitor using a generator that produced a 1.25 kHz sinusoidal voltage with an amplitude of 340 V. The arrangement is similar to the one shown in Figure 27-6. Calculate the peak strength of the magnetic field around a loop of radius 2.00 cm centred on the central axis of the capacitor. Assume that the radius of the capacitor plates is 6.00 cm so that the edge effects can be ignored.
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Thermodynamics
A Helium–Neon Laser A helium–neon laser produces a beam of light with a wavelength of 633 nm and an electric field strength of 1.00 k V/m. The direction of motion of the beam is taken to be along the z-axis, and the electric field is parallel to the x-axis. A laser beam is an electromagnetic plane wave. (a) Find the frequency of the laser beam. (b) What are the amplitude and the direction of the magnetic field of the beam?
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Thermodynamics
Solar Power Reaching Earth The average intensity of sunlight, S ̅, at the upper atmosphere is approximately1400 W/m^2. The average distance between Earth and the Sun is 1.50×〖10〗^11 km, and the mean radius of Earth is 6370 km. What are the amplitudes of the electric and magnetic fields in the sunlight? What is the average power generated by the Sun? What is the total power intercepted by Earth?
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Thermodynamics
Radiation Pressure at Earth’s Surface Estimate the radiation pressure at Earth’s surface. Is this pressure uniformly distributed over Earth’s entire surface at any given time?
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Thermodynamics
Solar Sailing: IKAROS On May 21, 2010, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency launched a spacecraft called IKAROS (Interplanetary Kite craft Accelerated by Radiation of the Sun) toward Venus to demonstrate propulsion by a solar sail. The sail of the spacecraft (Figure 27-26(a)) consists of 200. m^2 of a reflective polyimide resin membrane as thin as 0.0075 mm. The mass of the solar sail is 15 kg, and the total mass of the spacecraft is 315 kg. Once clear of Earth, the spacecraft is propelled toward Venus by pressure from solar radiation. Estimate the magnitude of acceleration generated by radiation pressure on the sail.
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Thermodynamics
Beam Intensity through Two Polarizers A beam of unpolarized light with intensity I_0 is incident on a polarizer with a vertical transmission axis. The beam then passes through a second polarizer, the transmission axis of which is at an angle of 60° to the vertical. What is the intensity of the light after it passes through the first polarizer? What is the intensity of the beam that emerges from the second polarizer in terms of I_0?
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Thermodynamics
A Horizontal beam The beam in Figure 10-13 has a mass of 125 kg. Assume that the hinge at the left end of the beam is frictionless. (a) How much force, assumed vertical, must the worker exert on the beam for it to be in equilibrium? (b) How much force does the beam then exert on the hinge?
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Thermodynamics
A Sloping beam The beam in Figure 10-16 has a mass of 2.20 × 103 kg. It is supported at one end by a frictionless hinge, and the other end leans against a wall. Find the force that the wall exerts on the beam and the components of the support force the hinge exerts on the beam for the beam to be in equilibrium. Assume there is no friction between the wall and the beam.
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Thermodynamics
